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Netherlands - Wikipedia. Netherlands. Location of the European Netherlands (dark green). The literal translation into English is . Papiamento is recognised by the Dutch government in relation to Bonaire, and English in relation to both Sint Eustatius and Saba. The US dollar is used in the Caribbean Netherlands and replaced the Netherlands Antillean guilder in 2. The Caribbean Netherlands still use 5.
The . eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three island territories in the Caribbean. Amsterdam is the country's capital. Since the late 1. With a population density of 4. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a larger population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the world's second- largest exporter of food and agricultural products, after the United States.
The Netherlands was the third country in the world to have an elected parliament, and since 1. The Netherlands has a long history of social tolerance and is generally regarded as a liberal country, having legalised abortion, prostitution and euthanasia, while maintaining a progressive drugs policy. In 2. 00. 1, it became the world's first country to legalise same- sex marriage. The Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G- 1. NATO, OECD and WTO; as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The country is host to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons and five international courts: the Permanent Court of Arbitration, the International Court of Justice, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Court and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EU's criminal intelligence agency Europol and judicial co- operation agency Eurojust.
This has led to the city being dubbed . In 2. 01. 3, the United Nations. World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh- happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. This term strictly speaking refers only to North and South Holland, two of the nation's twelve provinces, formerly a single province and earlier the County of Holland. This originally Frankish county emerged from the dissolved Frisian Kingdom and was .
Because of this importance, and the emphasis on Holland during the formation of the Dutch Republic, the Eighty Years' War and later the Anglo- Dutch Wars in the 1. Holland served as a pars pro toto for the entire country, and is nowadays considered either incorrect.
Place names with Neder (or lage), Nieder, Nether (or low) and Nedre (in Germanic languages) and Bas or Inferior (in Romance languages) are in use in places all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a deictic relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben, Superior or Haut. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the lower region has been more or less downstream and near the sea. The geographical location of the upper region, however, changed over time tremendously. The Romans made a distinction between the Roman provinces of downstream Germania Inferior (nowadays part of Belgium and the Netherlands) and upstream Germania Superior (nowadays part of Germany).
The designation 'Low' to refer to the region returns again in the 1. Duchy of Lower Lorraine, that covered much of the Low Countries. This was translated as Neder- landen in contemporary Dutch official documents. The area known as Oberland (High country) was in this deictic context considered to begin approximately at the nearby higher located Cologne. From the mid- sixteenth century on, . The Eighty Years' War (1. The Low Countries today is a designation that includes the countries the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg, although in most Romance languages, the term .
It is used synonymous with the more neutral and geopolitical term Benelux. History. The oldest human (Neanderthal) traces in the Netherlands were found in higher soils, near Maastricht, from what is believed to be about 2. After the end of the Ice Age, various Paleolithic groups inhabited the area, and around 8. BC Mesolithic tribes resided in Friesland and Drenthe, where the oldest canoe in the world was recovered. To the west, the same tribes might have built hunting camps to hunt winter game. People made the switch to animal husbandry sometime between 4.
BC and 4. 50. 0 BC. Agricultural transformation took place very gradually, between 4.
BC and 4. 00. 0 BC. To the southwest, the Vlaardingen culture (around 2. BC), an apparently more primitive culture of hunter- gatherers survived well into the Neolithic period.
Around 2. 95. 0 BC there was a quick and smooth transition from the Funnelbeaker farming culture to the pan- European Corded Ware pastoralist culture. The Bronze Age probably started somewhere around 2.
BC and lasted until around 8. BC. The many finds in Drenthe of rare and valuable objects, suggest that it was a trading centre in the Bronze Age. The Bell Beaker cultures (2. In the second millennium BC, the region was the boundary between the Atlantic and Nordic horizons, roughly divided by the course of the Rhine. In the north, the Elp culture (c.
The initial phase was characterised by tumuli (1. This phase was followed by a subsequent change featuring Urnfield (cremation) burial customs (1. The southern region became dominated by the Hilversum culture (1. Iron ore was available throughout the country, including bog iron extracted from the ore in peat bogs in the north, the natural iron- bearing balls found in the Veluwe and the red iron ore near the rivers in Brabant.
Smiths travelled from small settlement to settlement with bronze and iron, fabricating tools on demand, including axes, knives, pins, arrowheads and swords. Some evidence even suggests the making of Damascus steelswords using an advanced method of forging that combined the flexibility of iron with the strength of steel. The King's grave of Oss dating from around 5. BC was found in a burial mound, the largest of its kind in western Europe and containing an iron sword with an inlay of gold and coral. Germanic groups and Romans (5. BC . By the time this migration was complete, around 2.
BC, a few general cultural and linguistic groups had emerged. They would later develop into the Frisii and the early Saxons. This group consisted of tribes that would eventually develop into the Salian Franks.
BC up to the Roman conquest) had expanded over a wide range, including the southern area of the Low Countries. Some scholars have speculated that even a third ethnic identity and language, neither Germanic nor Celtic, survived in the Netherlands until the Roman period, the Iron Age Nordwestblock culture. The Rhine became fixed as Rome's northern frontier around 1. AD. Notable towns would arise along the Limes Germanicus: Nijmegen and Voorburg. At first part of Gallia Belgica, the area south of the Limes became part of the Roman province of Germania Inferior. The area to the north of the Rhine, inhabited by the Frisii, remained outside Roman rule (but not its presence and control), while the border tribes Batavi and Cananefates served in the Roman cavalry.
The Batavi later merged with other tribes into the confederation of the Salian Franks, whose identity emerged at the first half of the third century. The Salian Franks were forced by the confederation of the Saxons from the east to move over the Rhine into Roman territory in the fourth century. From their new base in West Flanders and the Southwest Netherlands, they were raiding the English Channel.
Roman forces pacified the region, but did not expel the Franks, who continued to be feared at least until the time of Julian the Apostate (3. Salian Franks were allowed to settle as foederati in Toxandria.
Coastal lands remained largely unpopulated for the next two centuries. AD)After Roman government in the area collapsed, the Franks expanded their territories in numerous kingdoms. By the 4. 90s, Clovis I had conquered and united all these territories in the southern Netherlands in one Frankish kingdom, and from there continued his conquests into Gaul. During this expansion, Franks migrating to the south eventually adopted the Vulgar Latin of the local population. By the seventh century a Frisian Kingdom (6. In 7. 34, at the Battle of the Boarn, the Frisians were defeated after a series of wars. With the approval of the Franks, the Anglo- Saxon missionary Willibrord converted the Frisian people to Christianity.
He established the Archdiocese of Utrecht and became bishop of the Frisians. However, his successor Boniface was murdered by the Frisians in Dokkum, in 7. ADThe Frankish Carolingian empire modeled itself after the Roman Empire and controlled much of Western Europe. However, as of 8. Most of present- day Netherlands became part of Middle Francia, which was a weak kingdom and subject of numerous partitions and annexation attempts by its stronger neighbours. It comprises territories from Frisia in the north to the Kingdom of Italy in the south.
When the middle kingdom was partitioned, the lands north of the Alps passed to Lothair II and consecutively were named Lotharingia. After he died in 8. Lotharingia was partitioned, into Upper and Lower Lotharingia, the latter part comprising the Low Countries that technically became part of East Francia in 8.
Vikings, who raided the largely defenceless Frisian and Frankish towns lying on the Frisian coast and along the rivers. Around 8. 50, Lothair I acknowledged the Viking Rorik of Dorestad as ruler of most of Frisia. The Viking raids made the sway of French and German lords in the area weak. Resistance to the Vikings, if any, came from local nobles, who gained in stature as a result, and that lay the basis for the disintegration of Lower Lotharingia into semi- independent states.
Browse By Author: C - Project Gutenberg. Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar N. Caldecott's Picture Books (English) (as Illustrator)Baron Bruno; Or, The Unbelieving Philosopher, and Other Fairy Stories (English) (as Illustrator)Bracebridge Hall (English) (as Illustrator)Breton Folk: An artistic tour in Brittany (English) (as Illustrator)Come Lasses and Lads (English) (as Illustrator)The Diverting History of John Gilpin.
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Canard, Elisabeth. See: Celnart, Elisabeth, 1. Canary, Martha. See: Calamity Jane, 1. Canfield, Dorothy. See: Fisher, Dorothy Canfield, 1. Canne, J. See: Butler, Samuel, 1. Canuck, Janey. See: Murphy, Emily F.
C., 1. 91. 7- 1. 97. Caractacus. See: Snell, F. B. See: Browne, Howard, 1. Carleton, May. See: Fleming, May Agnes, 1.
Carleton, S. See: Jones, Susan Morrow, 1. Wikipedia. The Black Baronet; or, The Chronicles Of Ballytrain. The Works of William Carleton, Volume One (English) (as Author)The Black Prophet: A Tale Of Irish Famine.
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Jimmy, Gideon Wiggan, the Clown, Wexley Snathers, Bap. Sloan (English) (as Author of introduction, etc.)A Vagabond Song (English) (as Author)The World's Best Poetry, Volume 0. Sorrow and Consolation (English) (as Editor)The World's Best Poetry, Volume 0. The Higher Life (English) (as Editor)The World's Best Poetry, Volume 0. National Spirit (English) (as Editor)The World's Best Poetry, Volume 0. Of Tragedy: of Humour (English) (as Editor)The World's Best Poetry, Volume 1. Poetical Quotations (English) (as Editor)Carolidis, P.
See: Karolides, Paulos, 1. Carolus d'Harrans. See: Durand, Charles, 1. Caron de Beaumarchais, Pierre Augustin.
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George. The Boy Scouts Afoot in France; or, With the Red Cross Corps at the Marne (English) (as Author)The Boy Scouts Along the Susquehanna; or, The Silver Fox Patrol Caught in a Flood (English) (as Author)The Boy Scouts at the Battle of Saratoga: The Story of General Burgoyne's Defeat (English) (as Author)The Boy Scouts Down in Dixie; or, The Strange Secret of Alligator Swamp (English) (as Author)The Boy Scouts' First Camp Fire; or, Scouting with the Silver Fox Patrol (English) (as Author)The Boy Scouts in the Blue Ridge; Or, Marooned Among the Moonshiners (English) (as Author)The Boy Scouts in the Maine Woods; Or, The New Test for the Silver Fox Patrol (English) (as Author)The Boy Scouts in the Rockies; Or, The Secret of the Hidden Silver Mine (English) (as Author)The Boy Scouts on Sturgeon Island; or, Marooned Among the Game- fish Poachers (English) (as Author)The Boy Scouts on the Trail; or, Scouting through the Big Game Country (English) (as Author)The Boy Scouts on War Trails in Belgium; Or, Caught Between Hostile Armies (English) (as Author)The Boy Scouts Through the Big Timber; Or, The Search for the Lost Tenderfoot (English) (as Author)Carus, Titus Lucretius. See: Lucretius Carus, Titus, 9. Henry Francis Cary, M. A. Complete (English) (as Author)The Memoirs of Jacques Casanova de Seingalt, 1. Volume 0. 1: Childhood (English) (as Author)The Memoirs of Jacques Casanova de Seingalt, 1.
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